This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Harsløf, I. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Changing Youth Labour Markets, Welfare Institutions and Young People's Control over Working Time

Oslo University College, Faculty of Social Sciences, Research Group for Inclusive Social Welfare Policies. P.B. 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway,Ivan.Harslof{at}sam.hio.no

The objective of this article is to examine the ways in which young people's control over working time is related to phenomena originating in recent trends in European youth labour markets such as the rise in temporary employment and the increasing importance of active labour market policies. The heuristic concept of social chronotopy is introduced to capture the interrelatedness of social time and social space, considering how the value of young people's working time is dependent upon their own contractual status, and the market and welfare institutional context in which they find themselves. In comparative multilevel analyses of survey data, self-reported control over working time is found to be adversely affected by being temporarily employed and finding oneself in a national context of low income replacement for unemployed youth and being confronted with a troublesome youth labour market characterized by the lack of jobs, the lack of permanent jobs, and the lack of spending on active labour market policies.

Key Words: active labour market policies • control over working time • social chronotopy • temporary employment • unemployment compensation for young people • youth unemployment

References

• Adam, B. (1995) Timewatch: The Social Analysis of Time. Cambridge: Polity Press .
• Adam, B. (2004) Time. Cambridge: Polity .
• Auer, P. and Cazes, S. (2000) ` The Resilience of the Long-term Employment Relationship: Evidence from the Industrialized Countries' , International Labour Review 139(4): 379—408 .[Web of Science]
• Bakhtin, M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press .
• Basso, P. (2003) Modern Times, Ancient Hours: Working Lives in the Twenty-first Century. London: Verso .
• Beck, U. (2000) The Brave New World of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press .
• Bhaskar, R. (1989) The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf .
• Billiet, J. and Philippens, M. (2001) `Data Quality Assessment in ESS Round 1: Between Wishes and Reality', Available at: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org
• Boudon, R. (1974) Education, Opportunity and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society. New York: Wiley .
• Calmfors, L., Booth, A., Burda, M., Checchi, D., Naylor, R. and Visser, J. (2001) `The Future of Collective Bargaining in Europe ', in T. Boeri, A. Brugiavini and L. Calmfors (eds) The Role of Unions in the Twenty-First Century, pp. 1—46. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
• Cohen, J. and Cohen, P. 1983 Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
• Council Directive 93/104/EC (1993) ` Concerning Certain Aspects of the Organisation of Working Time' (23 November).
• Council Directive 2000/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 2000 amending Council Directive 93/104/EC `Concerning Certain Aspects of the Organisation of Working Time to Cover Sectors and Activities Excluded from that Directive'.
• Davia, M.A., García-Serrano, C., Hernanz, V., Malo, M.A. and Cortés, L.T. (2001) `Do Active Labour Market Policies Matter in Spain? ', in J. D. Koning and H. Mosley (eds) Labour Market Policy and Unemployment, pp. 137—62. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar .
• Dembe, A.E., Erickson, B.J., Delbos, R.G. and Banks, S.M. (2005) ` The Impact of Overtime and Long Work Hours on Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: New Evidence from the United States ', Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62: 588—97 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Detzel, P. and Rubery, J. (2002) `Employment Systems and Transitional Labour Markets: A Comparison of Youth Labour Markets in Germany, France and the UK', in G. Schmid and B. Gazier (eds) The Dynamics of Full Employment: Social Integration Through Transitional Labour Markets, pp. 106—48. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar .
• Doogan, K. (2005) ` Long-term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labour Market in Europe' , Time & Society 14(1): 67—87 .
• Elchardus, M. (1991) ` Flexible Men and Women: The Changing Temporal Organization of Work and Culture: An Empirical Analysis' , Social Science Information 30(4): 701—25 .[Free Full Text]
• Elias, P. (1997) `Occupational Classification (ISCO-88): Concepts, Methods, Reliability, Validity and Cross-National Comparability', OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers No. 20, OECD Publishing .
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press .
• European Foundation for the improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2006) Reconciliation of Work and Family Life and Collective Bargaining in the European Union: An Analysis of EIRO Articles. Dublin: EFILWC .
• Eurostat (2002) ` At the Margins of the Labour Market?: Women and Men in Temporary Jobs in Europe ', Statistics in Focus 13: 1—7 .
• Fitzpatrick, T. (2004) ` Social Policy and Time' , Time & Society 13(2—3): 197—219 .[Abstract]
• Harsløf, I. (2003) `Processes of Marginalisation at Work: The Integration of Young People in the Labour Market through Temporary Employment', in T. Hammer (ed.) Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion in Europe, pp. 45—66. Bristol: Policy Press .
• Harsløf, I. (2005) ` "Integrative" or "Defensive" Youth Activation in Nine European Welfare States ', Journal of Youth Studies 8(4): 461—81 .[CrossRef]
• Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell . Harvey, D. (1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge MA: Blackwell .
• Hassard, J. (1989) `Time and Industrial Sociology', in P. Blyton, J. Hassard, S. Hill and K. Starkey (eds) Time, Work and Organisation. London: Routledge .
• Heydebrand, W. (2003) ` The Time Dimension in Marxian Social Theory' , Time & Society 12(2—3): 147—88 .[Abstract]
• Huber, E. and Stephens, J.D. (2001) Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
• International Labour Organization (2004) Global Employment Trends for Youth. Geneva: ILO .
• International Labour Organization (2005) General Survey of the Reports concerning the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 1), and the Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930 (No. 30). Report III of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. Geneva: ILO .
• Jensen, P.H. (1999) ` Velfærdsstatens politiske ideologi: En kritik af Esping-Andersen' [The Political Ideology of the Welfare State: A Critique of Esping-Andersen] , Grus 20: 84—100 .
• Jowell, R. and the Central Co-ordinating Team ( 2003) European Social Survey 2002/2003: Technical Report. London: Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University .
• Julkunen, I. (2000) ` A Leap Forward or a Ride on a Carousel?' , Young: Nordic Journal of Youth Research 8(1): 3—21 .
• Kreft, I.G.G. (1996) `Are Multilevel Techniques Necessary?: An Overview, including Simulation Studies'. Available at: http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/ikreft/quarterly/quarterly.html
• Leccardi, C. (2005) ` Facing Uncertainty: Temporality and Biographies in the New Century' , Young: Nordic Journal of Youth Research 13(2): 123—46 .
• Lødemel, I. and Trickey, H. (eds) (2001) `An Offer You Can't Refuse': Workfare in International Perspective. Bristol: Policy Press .
• Luke, D.A. (2004) Multilevel Modelling. London: Sage .
• Martin, J.P. and Grubb, D. (2001) ` What Works for Whom: A Review of OECD Countries' Experience with Active Labour Market Policies ', Swedish Economic Policy Review 8: 9—56 .
• Marx, K. (1867/1970) Kapitalen, Vol. 1. Oslo: Pax forlag .
• Nordli Hansen, M. and De Vibe, U. (2005) ` Behov for sosialhjelp og uføretrygd: individuell ulykke eller sosial arv?' [Needs for Social Assistance: Individual Accident or Social Inheritance?] , Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet 22(2): 149—56 .
• Norwegian Social Science Data Service (2005 ) `Weighting European Social Survey Data'. Bergen: NSD . Available at: http://ess.nsd.uib.no/files/WeightingESS.pdf
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001) Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD .
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002a) Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD .
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002b) Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD .
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2003) Employment Outlook: Towards More and Better Jobs . Paris: OECD .
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004) Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD .
• Orloff, A. (1993) ` Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship' , American Sociological Review 58: 303—28 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
• Pascual, A.S. (2000) `European Youth Employment Strategy and National Action Plans', in A. S. Pascual (ed.) Tackling Youth Unemployment in Europe, pp. 45—92. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute .
• Pascual, A.S. (2003) `The European Strategy for Youth Employment: A Discursive Analysis', in A. L.Blasco, W. McNeish and A. Walther (eds) Young People and Contradictions of Inclusion: Towards Integrated Transition Policies in Europe, pp. 85—104. Bristol: Policy Press .
• Pedersen, L. and Søndergaard, J. (2005) `The Role of Workfare in the Scandinavian Model of Social Security: Soft Work Incentives, Skill Upgrading or Quality of Life Improvement for the Disadvantaged?', in P. Saunders (ed.) Welfare to Work in Practice: Social Security and Participation in Economic and Social Life. Aldershot: Ashgate .
• Pfau-Effinger, B. (2004) `The Concept of Informal Work', in B. Pfau-Effinger (ed.) Formal and Informal Work in Europe: Review of Literature on Formal and Informal Work in Europe. Hamburg: University of Hamburg .
• Polavieja, J.G. (2001) Insiders and Outsiders: Structure and Consciousness Effects of Labour Market Deregulation in Spain (1984—1997). Madrid: Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones .
• Postone, M. (1993) Time, Labor and Social Domination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
• Pratschke, J. (2003) ` Realistic Models?: Critical Realism and Statistical Models in the Social Sciences ', Philosophica 71: 13—38 .
• Room, G. (2000) ` Commodification and Decommodification: A Developmental Critique' , Policy & Politics 28(3): 331—51 .[CrossRef]
• Schmid, G. (1998) Transitional Labour Markets: A New European Employment Strategy. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung .
• Stier, H. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2003) ` Time to Work: A Comparative Analysis of Preferences for Working Hours' , Work and Occupations 30(3): 302—26 .[Abstract]
• Strabac, Z. (2007) `Flernivåanalyse' [Multilevel analysis], in T. A. Eikemo and T. H. Clausen (eds) Kvantitativ analyse med SPSS: En praktisk innføring i kvantitative analyseteknikker [Quantitative Analysis with SPSS: A Practical Introduction to Quantitative Analytical Techniques]. Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk forlag .
• Torp, H. and Barth, E. (2001) Actual and Preferred Working Time: Regulations, Incentives and the Present Debate on Working Time in Norway. Oslo: ISF .
• Trickey, H. (2000) `Comparing Workfare Programmes: Features and Implications ', in I. Lødemel and H. Trickey (eds) `An Offer You Can't Refuse': Workfare in International Perspective, pp. 249—94. Bristol: Policy Press .

Time & Society, Vol. 16, No. 2-3, 207-230 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0961463X07080268


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Harsløf, I. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?